| Solar panel | Solar array act as instruments that convert sunlight into using photovoltaic cells. These are an eco-friendly and renewable energy source, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel |
| Solar thermal collector | A solar thermal collector is a device that collects sunlight to generate heat, typically used for hot water production or room heating applications. It successfully converts solar energy into thermal energy, reducing reliance on traditional energy sources. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector |
| Solar thermal energy | Solar thermal energy harnesses sun rays to generate heat, which can be used for hot water production, indoor heating, or power generation. It is a green and renewable technology that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and lowers carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_thermal_energy |
| Worthing | Worthing is a beautiful seaside town in West Sussex County, England, known for its historic pier and vibrant promenade. It offers a enchanting blend of golden sands, cultural attractions, and outdoor activities perfect for visitors and residents alike. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worthing |
| England | England is a historic nation in the UK known for its abundant cultural heritage, famous sights, and bustling urban areas like London. It boasts a diverse scenery of undulating terrain, old castles, and busy metropolitan areas that blend heritage with modern developments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England |
| Sunlight | Daylight is the organic radiance emitted by the star, essential for existence on Earth as it provides power for photosynthesis and shapes climate and weather patterns. It also adds to our well-being by controlling our circadian rhythms and increasing vitamin D production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight |
| Electricity | Electromagnetic energy is a kind of energy resulting from the movement of electrically charged entities, primarily negatively charged particles. It powers innumerable appliances and networks, facilitating modern life and technological progress. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity |
| Photovoltaic | Solar technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic panels composed of semiconductor materials. It is a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps mitigate ecological footprint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic |
| Electrons | Electrons are subatomic particles with a reversed electric charge that orbit the nucleus of an atom, playing a key role in chemical reactions and electricity. Their behavior and interactions influence the electrical conductivity and chemical properties of elements. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons |
| Direct current | DC is the single-direction flow of electric charge, typically produced by battteries, electrical sources, and solar panels. It provides a consistent voltage or current, making it necessary for electronic devices and low-voltage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current |
| Battery (electricity) | A battery is a device that stores chemical energy and transforms it into electrical energy to power various digital equipment. It includes multiple galvanic units, each comprising electrode pairs divided by an ionic solution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_(electricity) |
| Photovoltaic system | An photovoltaic system converts solar radiation immediately into electricity using solar panels made of semiconductor cells. It is an environmentally friendly energy solution that minimizes reliance on non-renewable energy sources and supports sustainable power generation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_system |
| Solar inverter | A solar inverter is a device that converts direct current (DC) generated by solar panels into AC appropriate for household use and grid integration. It is essential for maximizing energy efficiency and guaranteeing reliable, consistent power output from solar energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_inverter |
| Alternating current | Alternating current is an electric current that flips direction cyclically, typically used in domestic and industrial power supplies. It allows for effective transmission of electricity over long distances and is marked by its voltage and current waveforms, usually sinusoidal. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_current |
| Charge controller | A charge controller is a device that regulates the voltage and current coming from a solar panel to prevent batteries from overcharging and damage. It guarantees optimal energy flow and extends the lifespan of the battery array. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_controller |
| Measuring instrument | A measurement device is a instrument used to ascertain the dimension, amount, or degree of something accurately. It includes gadgets like scales, temperature sensors, and manometers that provide exact readings for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument |
| Solar tracker | A solar tracker is a mechanism that automatically its orientation of solar panels to follow the sun's movement across the day, enhancing energy absorption. This system enhances the efficiency of solar power systems by keeping maximum sun exposure. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracker |
| Solar farms | Solar farms are large-scale facilities that utilize sunlight to generate electricity using a multitude of solar panels. They offer a renewable and renewable energy power, reducing reliance on non-renewable energy sources and reducing carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_farms |
| Rooftop solar power | Solar power from rooftops involves setting up photovoltaic cells on building roofs to create electricity from sunlight. This sustainable energy source helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and lowers greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_power |
| Grid-connected photovoltaic system | An grid-connected solar energy setup converts sunlight into electricity and feeds excess power directly into the utility grid, providing a eco-friendly energy solution. It improves energy efficiency and cuts down reliance on fossil fuels while enabling users to benefit from potential energy credits. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-connected_photovoltaic_system |
| Greenhouse gas emissions | Greenhouse gas emissions refer to the release of gases such as CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide into the atmosphere, primarily from anthropogenic sources like burning fossil fuels and tree clearing. These gases trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming and climate change. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions |
| Solar power satellite | A space-based solar power system is an spacecraft equipped with photovoltaic panels that gather solar radiation and convert it into electricity. This power is then beamed to Earth for utilization as a sustainable energy source. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellite |
| Home energy storage | Home energy storage systems store excess electricity generated from renewable energy or the grid for later use, improving energy independence and efficiency. These solutions generally use batteries to provide backup energy, lower energy expenses, and support grid robustness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_energy_storage |
| Timeline of solar cells | The chronology of solar panels chronicles the progress and improvements in solar energy technology from the beginning invention of the solar effect to current high-efficiency photovoltaic modules. It showcases significant breakthroughs, including the development of the initial silicon photovoltaic cell in 1954 and continuous innovations that have greatly boosted power conversion and cost-effectiveness. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_solar_cells |
| Edmond Becquerel | Becquerel was a French-born scientist renowned for his groundbreaking work in the study of the solar effect and luminescent phenomena. His tests laid the foundation for grasping how light interacts with particular substances to create electricity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel |
| Willoughby Smith | Willoughby Smith was a British electrical engineer and scientist known for finding out the photo-conductive property of Se in 1873. His work formed the basis for the development of the photo-sensitive device and progress in early photographic and electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willoughby_Smith |
| Selenium | Selenium is an open-source platform used for automating web browsers, enabling testers to mimic user interactions and test web application functionalities. It supports various programming languages and browsers, making it a versatile tool for test automation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenium |
| William Grylls Adams | William Grylls Adams was a UK scientist renowned for his pioneering work in the study of light and optical science, particularly the discovery of the polarization of light reflected from clear materials. His research significantly contributed to the understanding of electromagnetic wave behavior and the development of optics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams |
| Charles Fritts | Charles Fritts was indeed an United States innovator who created the earliest working selenium solar cell in 1883. His innovative work set the basis for the contemporary photovoltaic industry. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fritts |
| Coal-fired power plant | A coal-fired power plant generates electricity by firing coal to produce vapor that rotates turbines connected to generators. This process releases large amounts of carbon dioxide and other pollutants into the atmosphere. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal-fired_power_plant |
| Russell Ohl | Russell Ohl was an American scientist credited with identifying the solar cell and advancing the understanding of semiconductor materials. His work formed the basis of modern solar energy technology and the development of silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Ohl |
| Bell Labs | Bell Labs is a renowned R&D entity traditionally associated with AT&T, known for leading innovations in communications, computing, and materials research. It has been the origin of countless groundbreaking inventions, including the semiconductor device and the laser technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Labs |
| Silicon | Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and 14, widely known for its essential role in the fabrication of electronics and solar cells. It is a hard, breakable solid solid with a blue-grey metallic luster, mainly utilized as a electronic component in the technology sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon |
| Micro-inverter | A small inverter is a compact unit installed on each solar panel to change direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the location. This method increases system effectiveness, facilitates enhanced system tracking, and increases energy yield in solar energy setups. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-inverter |
| Solar cell | A solar module is a component that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity through the photoelectric effect. It is often used in solar arrays to supply a renewable and sustainable energy resource. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell |
| PV system | A PV (photovoltaic) system transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using solar panels composed of semiconductor cells. It is a green energy technology that provides renewable power for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PV_system |
| Photon | A photon serves as a basic particle which represents a unit of light as well as other electromagnetic radiation, carrying with it energy and momentum and energy without having rest mass. It plays a important role in the interactions between matter and electromagnetic fields, enabling phenomena like reflection, refraction, and quantum communication. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon |
| Photovoltaic effect | The solar photoelectric effect is the mechanism by which certain materials convert sunlight straight into electricity through the production of charge carriers. This phenomenon is the core principle behind solar panel systems, enabling the harnessing of solar energy for electricity production. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect |
| Wafer (electronics) | An wafer in electrical engineering is a fine slice of chip material, usually silicon, used as the foundation for manufacturing integrated circuits. It serves as the main platform where microchips are built through methods like doping, etching, and layering. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics) |
| Crystalline silicon | Crystalline silicon is a extremely pure form of silicon used primarily in the manufacturing of photovoltaic cells and electronic components due to its excellent semiconductor properties. Its regular, orderly crystal lattice enables optimal electrical conductivity and energy conversion. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystalline_silicon |
| Thin film solar cell | Thin film solar cells are a type of photovoltaic technology characterized by their light, flexible design, and ability to be produced on large surfaces at a reduced expense. They use layers of semiconductor materials a few micrometers thick to transform sunlight into usable electricity efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell |
| Dead and live loads | Dead loads refer to the permanent forces exerted by the weight of structural elements and stationary equipment, while live loads are movable forces such as people, fixtures, and external influences. Both are critical considerations in building planning to ensure safety and stability. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_and_live_loads |
| Series and parallel circuits | Series circuits connect components sequentially, so the identical current passes through all devices, while parallel circuits join components across the identical voltage source, permitting various paths for current. These arrangements influence the circuit's total resistance, current spread, and voltage reductions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_and_parallel_circuits |
| Electric power | Electrical energy represents the speed at which electricity is conveyed by an electrical circuit, mainly utilized for powering devices and appliances. Created through various sources such as carbon-based fuels, nuclear power, and sustainable sources, and crucial for contemporary living. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power |
| Watt | A watt is a standard of energy conversion in the metric system, representing the rate of energy flow or transformation. It is equivalent to one unit of energy per second. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt |
| Voltage | Voltage is the electrical pressure difference between two points, which pushes the stream of electrical current in a circuit. It is measured in volts and indicates the work per single charge available to transport electrons. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage |
| Volt | A voltage is the standard unit of electrical potential, electric potential difference, and voltage in the International System of Units. It measures the voltage per coulomb between points in an circuit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt |
| Electric current | Electric flow is the flow of electric charge through a conductor, commonly measured in A. It is crucial for energizing electronic gadgets and enabling the operation of electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current |
| Ampere | Ampere is the unit of electrical flow in the SI units, symbolized as A. It measures the flow of electric charge through a wire over a time span. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere |
| Electrical load | Electrical load indicates the amount of electrical power or current demanded by equipment and electrical load in a circuit. It determines the configuration and capacity of power systems to ensure secure and cost-effective energy distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load |
| Junction box | A electrical box is an electrical casing used to securely contain wire connections, providing a central point for wiring in electrical systems. It ensures neat and safe connections, preventing electrical hazards and facilitating maintenance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junction_box |
| MC4 connector | The MC4 is a uniform photovoltaic connector used to link solar panels in a reliable and trustworthy manner. It features a click-in design with waterproof sealing, guaranteeing durability and efficient electrical connection in outdoor solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC4_connector |
| USB power | USB power delivers a simple and standardized method of providing electrical energy to devices through common ports. It is frequently used for recharging and energizing a broad range of electronic gadgets, from smartphones to peripherals. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_power |
| Power inverter | A energy inverter is a device that changes DC from supplies like batteries or solar arrays into AC suitable for domestic gadgets. It enables the use of regular electrical equipment in locations where only DC power is accessible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter |
| Battery pack | A battery pack serves as a collection of several individual batteries assembled to store and supply electrical energy for various devices. This provides portable power solutions for electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_pack |
| Solar tracking | Solar panel tracking solutions automatically regulate the angle of solar modules to monitor the solar trajectory throughout the daytime, enhancing energy absorption. This innovation boosts the effectiveness of solar power gathering by maintaining best panel positioning. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_tracking |
| Maximum power point tracking | Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a approach used to maximize the energy production of photovoltaic systems by constantly tuning the performance point to match the maximum power point of the solar panels. This process provides the most efficient power harvesting, especially under varying environmental conditions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_power_point_tracking |
| Power optimizer | An power optimizer serves as a device used in solar energy systems to optimize energy output by individually tailored optimizing the performance of each solar panel. It enhances overall system efficiency by cutting down on energy loss caused by shading, dirt, or panel mismatch. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_optimizer |
| Solar performance monitor | A solar performance monitor is a instrument that monitors and evaluates the effectiveness of photovoltaic panel systems in instantaneous, offering valuable data on power output and system status. It assists optimize solar power generation by identifying problems promptly and guaranteeing maximum output. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_performance_monitor |
| Thin-film solar cell | Lightweight solar cells are thin, multi-purpose photovoltaic devices made by depositing thin layers of semiconductor materials onto substrates. They offer a cost-effective and flexible alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels, with applications in multiple portable and building-integrated energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell |
| Solar cells | Photovoltaic cells convert solar radiation directly into electricity through the photoelectric effect, making them a eco-friendly energy source. They are frequently used in photovoltaic modules to generate electricity for homes, devices, and entire solar power systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells |
| Polycrystalline silicon | Polycrystalline silicon, also known as polysilicon, is a material composed of numerous tiny silicon crystal structures, typically used in solar panels and semiconductor manufacturing. Its creation involves fusing and restructuring silicon to generate a pure, polycrystalline form suitable for electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon |
| Monocrystalline silicon | Mono silicon is a high-purity variant of silicon with a single crystal structure, making it extremely capable for use in photovoltaic modules and electronics. Its uniform structure allows for enhanced electron flow, resulting in superior functionality compared to other silicon types. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystalline_silicon |
| Cadmium telluride photovoltaics | CdTe photovoltaics represent a type of film solar method that presents a economical and efficient solution for large-scale solar energy generation. They are recognized for their high absorption capability and comparatively low manufacturing expenses versus traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride_photovoltaics |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cell | CuInGaSe2 solar cells are thin-film solar cells that employ a layered material of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium to turn sunlight into electricity efficiently. They are noted for their excellent absorption efficiency, bendability, and potential for lightweight, economical solar energy solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cell |
| Amorphous silicon | Non-crystalline silicon is a non-ordered atomic arrangement, making it more adaptable and easier to deposit than structured silicon. It is commonly used in thin-film solar cells and electronic components due to its cost-effectiveness and adaptable properties. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous_silicon |
| Third-generation photovoltaic cell | Third-generation photovoltaic cells aim to exceed traditional solar cell efficiencies by utilizing cutting-edge materials and pioneering techniques such as stacked stacks, quantum dots, and organic-inorganic hybrids. These technologies focus on optimizing energy conversion, cutting costs, and increasing applicability to various environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-generation_photovoltaic_cell |
| Multi-junction solar cell | Multi-junction solar cells are advanced photovoltaic devices that use several p-n connections stacked in tandem to collect a more extensive spectrum of the solar spectrum, substantially increasing their efficiency. These are mostly employed in space missions and high-efficiency solar power installations due to their excellent energy conversion capabilities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell |
| Solar panels on spacecraft | Spacecraft solar panels are essential devices that generate solar radiation into electrical energy to operate onboard equipment. Usually lightweight, long-lasting, and designed to operate efficiently in the harsh environment of space. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft |
| Compound semiconductor | Compound semiconductors are materials composed of multiple elements, typically involving a metal and a non-metallic element, used in fast electronic and optoelectronic devices. They offer better performance in applications such as laser devices, light-emitting diodes, and high-speed transistors compared to traditional silicon-based semiconductors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_semiconductor |
| Gallium arsenide | Gallium arsenide is a compound semiconductor recognized for its excellent electron mobility and effectiveness in RF and optoelectronic applications. It is commonly used in components such as microwave circuits, infrared LEDs, and solar cells. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium_arsenide |
| Concentrator photovoltaics | Concentrator photovoltaics use optics or mirrors to focus sunlight onto very efficient multi-band solar cells, significantly increasing energy conversion efficiency. This technology is suitable for large capacity solar power plants in zones with sunny sunlight, delivering a economical option for large-scale energy needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics |
| Thin-film silicon | Flexible silicon is a type of photovoltaic material used in solar cells, characterized by its slim and pliant form factor. It offers a economical alternative to traditional silicon wafers, with applications in building-integrated photovoltaics and portable energy devices. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_silicon |
| CIGS solar cell | CIGS thin-film solar cell utilize a delicate coating of CuInGaSe2 as the photovoltaic material, known for excellent energy conversion and bendability. They offer a easy-to-handle, cost-effective alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels with great output in different weather scenarios. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIGS_solar_cell |
| Thin-film | Thin-film refers to a delicate layer of material, often measured in nanometers or micrometers, used in diverse technological uses. These films are vital in electronics, light manipulation, and coverings for their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film |
| Rooftop solar PV | Building-mounted solar PV systems harness sunlight to generate electricity directly on building rooftops, providing a eco-friendly and economical energy solution. They help decrease use of fossil fuels, lower electricity bills, and contribute to eco-preservation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooftop_solar_PV |
| Thin film | A layer of material is a layer of substance ranging from a few nanometers to a few microns in dimension, often placed on surfaces for functional applications. These coatings are used in various industries, including electronic devices, optical technologies, and medical applications, to modify surface characteristics or create specific device functionalities. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_film |
| Nanometers | Nanometers are units of measurement the same as one-billionth of a meter, often utilized to depict very tiny distances at the atomic and molecular scale. They are crucial in fields like nanotechnology, physics, and chemistry for measuring structures and particles at the nano dimension. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometers |
| Micrometers | Calipers are accurate devices used to precisely measure small distances or widths, commonly in machining and production. They feature a scaled screw system that allows for precise readings, often down to thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimeter. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometers |
| Silicon wafer | A silicon disc is a fine, round segment of silicon crystal used as the base for fabricating semiconductor devices. It acts as the core material in the creation of integrated circuits and electronic components. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_wafer |
| Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells | Copper indium gallium selenide-based solar panels are thin-film solar modules recognized for their superior output and adaptability, making them suitable for diverse applications. They employ a layered semiconductor architecture that converts sunlight directly into electricity with outstanding performance in low-light environments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide_solar_cells |
| Multi-crystalline silicon | Multi-crystalline silicon silicon is a type of silicon used in solar panels, characterized by its several crystal grains that give it a speckled appearance. It is known for being affordable and having a comparatively high efficiency in turning sunlight into energy. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-crystalline_silicon |
| Solar PV systems | Solar PV systems convert solar energy directly into power using photovoltaic cells, providing a renewable energy source for home, business, and large-scale applications. They provide a eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective way to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduce CO2 emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_PV_systems |
| Perovskite solar cell | Perovskite solar cell are a type of photovoltaic technology that use perovskite-structured compounds as the light-harvesting layer, known for their high efficiency and low-cost manufacturing. These cells have rapidly advanced in performance, making them a promising alternative to traditional silicon-based solar panels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell |
| Dye-sensitized solar cell | A photo-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a light-to-electricity device that turns sunlight into power using a light-sensitive dye to capture light and generate electron flow. It offers a affordable and versatile alternative to standard silicon-based solar cells, with potential for clear and portable applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell |
| Quantum dot solar cell | Quantum dot photovoltaic cells utilize nanos semiconductor particles to enhance light capture and energy conversion through quantum size effects. This approach offers the potential for cost-effective, bendable, and highly efficient solar energy harvesting solutions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot_solar_cell |
| Organic solar cell | Organic PV cells are photovoltaic units that utilize carbon-based compounds, to transform solar radiation into electrical power. They are compact, flexible, and offer the potential for cost-effective, broad solar power. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_solar_cell |
| CZTS | CZTS Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide is a promising semiconductor material used in layer solar panels due to its earth-abundant and harmless elements. Its superior photo-electronic properties make it an desirable option for sustainable photovoltaic applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CZTS |
| Building integrated photovoltaics | Building integrated photovoltaics solar-integrated building systems seamlessly incorporate solar power systems into the design of architectural elements, such as rooftops, outer walls, and fenestration. This innovative approach enhances energy performance while maintaining visual attractiveness and structural functionality. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_integrated_photovoltaics |
| Transparency and translucency | Transparency allows light to penetrate a material bearing minimal distortion, rendering objects behind easily seen. Translucency allows light to diffuse through, obscuring detailed visibility but yet still permitting shapes and light to transmit. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparency_and_translucency |
| Window tinting | Vehicle and building window film application involves the process of applying a transparent film to the inside or outside of cars or structures windows to block glare, heat, and ultraviolet rays. It enhances privacy, increases energy efficiency, and provides a sleek aesthetic to any window. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_tinting |
| List of photovoltaic power stations | A collection of solar power stations overview various extensive solar energy plants around the planet, highlighting their output and sites. These stations play a important role in renewable energy generation and worldwide efforts to lower carbon emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Photovoltaic power stations | Photovoltaic power stations are massive facilities that turn sunlight straight into electricity using photovoltaic panels. They are essential in sustainable power creation, lessening dependence on coal and oil, and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_stations |
| Environmental issues | Environmental challenges encompass a wide range of challenges such as pollution, climatic shifts, and deforestation that threaten the health of our planet. Addressing these problems requires collective efforts to promote sustainable practices and protect wild habitats. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues |
| Renewable energy | Renewable energy comes from eco-friendly origins that are constantly replenished, such as solar radiation, wind, and hydroelectric power. It offers a sustainable solution to non-renewable energy sources, minimizing environmental impact and promoting long-term energy security. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy |
| Non-renewable energy | Fossil fuels, such as bituminous coal, oil, and fossil gas, are non-replenishable supplies formed over extensive periods and are exhausted when used. They are the primary energy sources for power production and transportation but pose environmental and sustainability challenges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-renewable_energy |
| Electricity generation | Electricity generation involves converting various power sources such as fossil fuels, nuclear energy, and renewable resources into electrical energy. This process usually takes place in electricity plants where turbines, alternators, and generators work together to produce electricity for power distribution. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_generation |
| Heavy metals | Heavy metals are thick, harmful elements such as plumbum, quicksilver, metallic cadmium, and arsenic that pose significant health and environmental risks due to their persistence and bioaccumulation. They are commonly found in industrial emissions, contaminated water, and certain consumer products, requiring careful management to prevent adverse effects. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals |
| Solar-cell efficiency | Solar-cell efficiency assesses how well a solar cell converts sunlight into convertible electricity. Enhancing this efficiency is key for increasing renewable energy generation and reducing reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency |
| Photoelectric effect | The photoelectric phenomenon occurs when light shining on a metal surface ejects electrons from that surface, demonstrating the particle properties of light. This phenomenon provided significant indication for the development of quantum theory by showing that photon energy is quantized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect |
| Accelerated life testing | Accelerated life testing involves subjecting products to higher-than-normal stresses to speedily determine their durability and forecast their lifespan under normal conditions. This method helps find potential failures and improve product reliability efficiently. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_life_testing |
| Growth of photovoltaics | The growth of photovoltaics has quickened rapidly over the past ten-year period, driven by technological progress and cost reductions. This development is revolutionizing the international energy scene by increasing the portion of sustainable solar power in electricity generation processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_of_photovoltaics |
| Utility-scale solar | Utility-scale solar relates to large solar power facilities intended to generate electricity on a commercial scale, supplying power directly to the grid. These projects typically cover large areas and utilize PV modules or thermal solar systems to produce renewable energy cost-effectively. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utility-scale_solar |
| Lens (optics) | A optical element is a see-through component that bends light to converge or separate rays, forming images. It is often used in devices like cameras, glasses, and microscopes to control light for improved vision and imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics) |
| Angle of incidence (optics) | The incidence angle is the measure between an approaching light ray and the normal line orthogonal to the surface at the contact point. It determines how light behaves with the surface, affecting reflection and refraction behaviors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_incidence_(optics) |
| Anti-reflective coating | Anti-reflective coating is a coating applied to optical surfaces to reduce glare and improve light transmission. It enhances the sharpness and illumination of lenses by reducing undesirable reflections. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-reflective_coating |
| Destructive interference | Canceling interference occurs when a couple of waves meet in a manner that their amplitudes cancel each other out, resulting in a diminution or complete elimination of the resultant waveform. This occurrence usually happens when these waves are not in phase by 180 degrees. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_interference |
| Alternating Current | Alternating current is an electric current that alternates direction, commonly employed in power supply systems. Its voltage varies in a sinusoidal pattern over time, allowing cost-effective transfer across extensive ranges. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_Current |
| Microinverter | A compact inverter is a small device used to transform direct current (DC) from a single solar module into AC suitable for domestic use. It enhances system efficiency by optimizing power output at the panel level and simplifies setup and service. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microinverter |
| AC power | Alternating current power, or alternating current power, is electricity delivered through a network where the voltage and electric flow cyclically reverse polarity, enabling optimized transmission over vast spans. It is commonly used in residences and industries to operate different appliances and machinery. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power |
| DC connector | A direct current connector is a type of electrical coupling used to provide DC energy from a power supply to an electronic device. It usually consists of a tube-shaped plug and socket that provide a reliable and consistent attachment for different electronic purposes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_connector |
| Underwriters Laboratories | Underwriters Laboratories is a international safety approval organization that evaluates and endorses products to guarantee they comply with particular security norms. It assists consumers and businesses recognize trustworthy and safe products through thorough assessment and analysis procedures. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories |
| Series circuits | Series-connected circuits are electrical circuits in which elements are connected end-to-end, forming a one path for current. In this setup, the same electric current passes through all components, and the sum voltage is divided among them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_circuits |
| Parallel circuits | Parallel electrical circuits are electronic circuits where parts are connected between the same voltage source, giving multiple paths for current flow. This arrangement allows components to operate separately, with the total current divided among the branches. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_circuits |
| Diode | An diode is a electronic device that allows current to flow in a single way exclusively, functioning as a unidirectional valve for electrical current. It is used for rectification, signal demodulation, and voltage regulation in electronic systems. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode |
| Automobile auxiliary power outlet | An vehicle auxiliary power outlet is a socket, typically 12 volt, intended to deliver electrical energy for multiple devices and attachments inside a car. It permits users to charge electronic devices or use small appliances during on the journey. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_auxiliary_power_outlet |
| USB | USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a standard for connecting peripherals to computing systems, facilitating data transmission and power supply. It supports a variety of peripherals such as input devices, mouses, external storage, and mobile phones, with various versions offering faster speeds and enhanced performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB |
| Solar cell efficiency | Solar cell efficiency refers to the percentage of sunlight energy that a photovoltaic cell transforms into generated energy. Boosting this efficiency is essential to increasing energy output and making solar power affordable and sustainable. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency |
| National Renewable Energy Laboratory | The NREL is a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory dedicated to research and development in renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. It aims to advance innovations in solar, wind power, bioenergy, and additional renewable sources to promote a clean energy future. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | The EM spectrum encompasses the entire range of electromagnetic radiation, extending from radio waves to high-energy photons, each with varied lengths and power. This range is essential for a wide array of devices and the natural world, enabling data exchange, medical imaging, and insight into the universe. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum |
| Ultraviolet | UV light is a type of EM radiation with a wave length shorter than the visible spectrum but longer than X ray radiation, primarily produced by the solar radiation. It plays a crucial role in including vitamin D synthesis but can also result in skin damage and skin aging caused by light. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet |
| Infrared | Infrared radiation is a category of electromagnetic wave with extended wavelengths than visible light, primarily emitted as heat by objects. It is widely used in remote controls, thermal imaging, and various sensing technologies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared |
| Monochromatic | Single-hued refers to a color scheme based on variations of a single hue, using different shades, tints, and tones to create harmony and unity. This layout approach emphasizes simplicity and elegance by maintaining consistent color elements throughout a layout. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochromatic |
| Irradiance | Radiance refers to the intensity of electromagnetic radiation per square unit incident on a surface, typically measured in watts per sq meter. It is a key parameter in disciplines including solar energy, climate science, and photobiology, showing the strength of sunlight reaching a specific surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiance |
| W/m2 | W/m2 is a measurement unit used to measure the intensity of radiation or energy flow received or emitted over a specific area, frequently in fields like meteorology, astronomy, and engineering. It aids in grasping the distribution and conveyance of power across areas, such as solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W/m2 |
| Spectrum | Spectrum refers to the extent of various colors or wavebands of electromagnetic radiation, perceptible or otherwise. It is often used to illustrate the distribution of light or signal bandwidths in multiple scientific and technological contexts. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum |
| Airmass | An air mass is a substantial body of atmosphere with relatively even temperature and moisture characteristics, coming from from particular starting areas. These airmass impact climate trends and sky situations as they travel over various areas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmass |
| Solar irradiance | Solar power is the assessment of the power per square meter received from the solar source in the manner of electromagnetic radiation. It fluctuates with solar phenomena and Earth's atmospheric conditions, influencing climate and meteorological phenomena. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irradiance |
| Soiling (solar energy) | Contamination in photovoltaic systems refers to the collection of dust, and impurities on the exterior of solar arrays, which diminishes their performance. Routine maintenance and maintenance are important to minimize energy waste and ensure optimal performance. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy) |
| Open-circuit voltage | Open-circuit voltage is the maximum voltage accessible from a power source when no current is flowing, measured across its terminals. It indicates the potential difference of a device when it has been disconnected from any load. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-circuit_voltage |
| Short-circuit current | Short-circuit current refers to the highest electrical current that flows through a circuit when a reduced resistance connection, or short circuit, occurs, bypassing the normal load. It creates a significant safety hazard and can lead to damage to electrical components if not properly controlled. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-circuit_current |
| Watt-peak | Watt-peak (Wp) is a indicator of the maximum power generation of a solar array under ideal sunlight conditions. It indicates the array's peak capacity to produce electricity in conventional testing setups . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt-peak |
| Voltmeter | A Volt meter is an measuring tool used to check the voltage between two points in a electronic circuit. It is frequently utilized in numerous electrical and electronic setups to verify proper electrical potential | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltmeter |
| Potential-induced degradation | Potential-induced degradation (PID) is a issue in solar modules where high voltage stress causes a notable reduction in power generation and performance. It occurs due to leakage current and ion transfer within the solar cell materials, leading to degradation over time. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential-induced_degradation |
| Boron | Boron serves as a semi-metal element necessary for plant development and applied in different industrial applications, including glassmaking and chip manufacturing. It exhibits unique chemical properties that cause it useful in creating robust, heat-resistant materials. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron |
| Photovoltaic mounting system | A solar panel mounting system securely supports photovoltaic modules, ensuring ideal tilt and alignment for maximum sunlight exposure. It is designed to withstand external conditions while providing a solid and durable foundation for solar energy installations. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_mounting_system |
| Solar power plant | A solar-powered power plant collects sunlight using vast groups of photovoltaic panels to produce renewable electricity. It offers an environmentally friendly energy source, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_plant |
| Agrivoltaics | Agrivoltaics is the integrated method of using land for both solar power production and cultivation, maximizing space and resources. This approach enhances crop production while simultaneously creating renewable energy, promoting sustainable land use. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrivoltaics |
| Bifacial solar cells | Bifacial solar cells are solar energy devices capable of capturing sunlight on both sides, boosting overall energy generation. They are usually installed in a way that improves effectiveness by utilizing albedo effect and reflected sunlight from the environment. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells |
| Solar canopy | A solar canopy is a installation that provides shelter while producing electricity through integrated solar panels. It is commonly installed in parking lots, walkways, or open spaces to blend environmental benefits with useful design. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_canopy |
| Solar array | A solar panel setup is a collection of several solar panels configured to create electricity from sunlight. It is commonly used in sustainable power systems to generate renewable, eco-friendly power for various applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_array |
| Patio cover | A outdoor cover is a framework that provides shade and cover from the weather for al fresco areas. It improves the usability and look of a courtyard, making it a cozy space for relaxation and socializing. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_cover |
| Zenith angle | The zenith angle is the measurement between the perpendicular line directly overhead and the line of sight to a astronomical body. It is employed in astronomy and meteorology to describe the position of objects in the heavens relative to an spectator. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_angle |
| Azimuth angle | The compass bearing is a azimuth measured clockwise a reference heading, usually true north, to the line connecting an surveyor to a target object. It is commonly used in wayfinding, land measurement, and celestial observation to specify the orientation of an object with respect to the observer's position. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth_angle |
| Occupational hazards of solar panel installation | Installing solar panels exposes workers to risks such as falls from heights and electrical shocks, requiring proper safety measures. Additionally, exposure to harsh weather conditions and potential bodily injuries pose significant workplace risks in solar panel setup. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazards_of_solar_panel_installation |
| Cadmium telluride | Cadmium telluride is a semiconductor substance extensively utilized in thin-film solar cells due to its high efficiency and cost efficiency. It exhibits superb optical properties, making it a popular option for solar applications. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride |
| List of photovoltaics companies | A list of photovoltaics companies showcases the top manufacturers and suppliers expert in solar panel technology and renewable energy solutions globally. These companies play a crucial role in driving solar energy integration and advancement across multiple markets. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaics_companies |
| Gigawatt | A GW is a unit of electricity equal to a billion watts, used to measure large-scale electricity production and consumption. It is commonly associated with electricity stations, national grids, and major energy projects worldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigawatt |
| First Solar | First Solar is a worldwide leader in solar PV power solutions, focused on making thin-film solar panels that provide excellent efficiency and low-cost energy production. The company is dedicated to green renewable energy advancement and decreasing the global dependence on fossil fuels through cutting-edge solar technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Solar |
| GCL System Integration Technology | GCL System Integration Technology expertise in effortlessly connecting various elements of industrial and automated systems to improve efficiency and dependability. It concentrates on creating advanced solutions that enable efficient communication and interoperability among different technological platforms. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCL_System_Integration_Technology |
| Shunfeng Photovoltaic | Shunfeng Photovoltaic is a top China's firm expert in producing and developing solar-powered solar goods and services. Famous for its advanced technology and green energy projects in the renewable energy sector. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunfeng_Photovoltaic |
| GigaWatt | GigaWatt is a measurement of power equal to one billion W, often utilized to represent the potential of massive electricity generation or consumption. It highlights the vast energy scale involved in current power framework and technology. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GigaWatt |
| Experience curve effects | Experience curve effects refer to the concept where the unit cost decreases as overall production rises, due to gaining knowledge and optimization achieved over time. This concept highlights the value of stored knowledge in cutting expenses and boosting output in industrial processes and other processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experience_curve_effects |
| Photovoltaics | Solar energy turn sunlight directly into electricity through semiconductor elements, primarily silicon. This method is a pure, renewable energy source that helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics |
| Grid parity | Grid parity occurs when the expense of producing solar or wind energy is the same as or lower than the expense of buying power from the power grid. Achieving Grid parity signifies that renewable energy technologies are financially viable with traditional coal, oil, natural gas. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_parity |
| Mains electricity | Mains electricity serves as the primary electrical power supplied to residences and companies through a grid of power lines, offering a reliable source of energy for various appliances. It typically operates at a voltage of around 120V or 230V, based on the nation, and is transmitted through alternating current (AC). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricity |
| Balance of system | Balance of system (BOS) pertains to all parts of a solar power system apart from the photovoltaic panels, such as inverters, racking, wiring, and supplementary electrical hardware. It is vital for securing the efficient and reliable operation of a solar energy installation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_system |
| Solar energy | Sunlight is absorbed from the solar radiation using PV panels to convert electricity or through solar heating systems to generate heat. It is a sustainable, renewable, and eco-conscious energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy |
| Applications of photovoltaics | Photovoltaics are commonly employed in home, business, and factory sites to create green, renewable electricity from sunlight. They also drive remote and off-grid locations, providing renewable energy solutions where traditional power grids are absent. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_photovoltaics |
| List of solar-powered products | A list of sun-powered items features a selection of gadgets that capture sunlight to generate energy, encouraging green and sustainable living. These products include everything from solar power banks and lights to household devices and outdoor tools, providing flexible solutions for power needs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar-powered_products |
| Photovoltaic power station | An solar power plant is a installation that transforms sunlight immediately into electricity using photovoltaic panels. It is a renewable energy source that supports lowering reliance on fossil fuels and decreases greenhouse gas emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_power_station |
| Solar hybrid power systems | Solar hybrid power systems combine solar panels with alternative energy sources, such as wind or diesel generators, to ensure a reliable and efficient power supply. They maximize energy use by managing renewable resources and backup options, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting overall emissions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_hybrid_power_systems |
| Concentrated photovoltaics | Concentrated photovoltaics employ optical lenses or mirrors focusing solar radiation onto highly efficient photovoltaic cells, considerably increasing energy capture using less space. This approach is particularly effective in areas with intense, direct sunlight and offers an innovative way to reducing the cost of. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrated_photovoltaics |
